INTRODUCT
Morphology:
The study of internal structure of words and how they can be modified.
MORPHEME
The minimal linguistic unit which has a meaning and grammatical meaning.
Kinds of morphemes :
Ø Free Morpheme
Ø Bound Morpheme
Free Mopheme:
Morpheme that can be uttered alone with meaning.
Bound Morpheme:
Morpheme that can’t be uttered alone with meaning. (suffixes)
Example:
·
Bound morpheme
|
Free morpheme
|
Types of Bound Morpheme:
Ø Derivational Morphemes
Ø Inflectional Morphemes
Derivational Morphemes:
1) Change of meaning or part of speech.
Example:
2) Typically occur with only some members of a class of morphemes.
Example:
3) Typically indicate semantic relations within the words.
Example:
4) Typically occur before inflectional suffixes.
Example:
chillier
Inflectional Morphemes:
1) Do not change of meaning or part of speech.
Example:
Play + ing = playing
2) Typically occur with all members of some large class of morphemes.
3) Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence.
4) Typically occur at the margins of words.
WORD FORMATION
Word formation is the branch of lexicology that studies a process of creating new word.
Types of Word Formation:
- Compounding
- Conversion
- Clipping
- Blends
- Backformation
- Acronyms
- Onomatopoeia
- Eponyms
- Root Creation
- Toponyms
- Affixation
- Reduplication
- Suppletion
- Coinage
- Borrowing
- Initialism
- Scale change
18. Functional Shift
19. Morpholgical Misanalysis
1. Compounding
A process of combining two or more words to make a new word.
Example:
·
·
2. Conversion
A process of changing a part of speech, but not change the form of word.
3. Clipping
A process of shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables.
Example: Hamburger à Burger
Gasoline à Gas
4. Blending
A process of combining two words by joining or deleting parts of the words.
Examples:
a. Wireless + Fidelity à Wifi
b. Breakfast + lunch à Brunch
c. Motor + hotel à Motel
5. Back Formation
A process of removing affixes from a word. In this case the word was morpheme in the past.
Examples:
Editor à edit
Television à televise
6. Acronym
A process of making the initial letters of several words become a new word.
Example:
· Laser (light amplification through stimulated emission of radiation)
· Radar(Radio detection and ranging)
· ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nation)
7. Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes.
Example:
beep , click, chime, bang! (gunshot)
8. Eponyms
A process of using the name of person who has discover a place or thing.
Example:
— Cook Islands (James Cook)
— Watt ( James Watt)
9. Root Creation
A procces of creating a new word by mentioning one of brand of thing become the name of that thing.
Example:
· Honda = Motorcycle
· Aqua = Mineral water
10. Toponyms
A process of mentioning the name of a place, without explaining the type of the place.
Example:
— Bromo (the name of the mount in east java)
— Kuta ( the name of the beach in Bali)
11. Affixation
A Process of forming words by adding prefix and suffix.
Example:
suffix
|
root
|
prefix
|
12. Reduplication
A process of forming new words by doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication), but it is extremely rare.
Example:
· hip hop
· zig zag
· superduper
13. Suppletion
A relationship between forms of a word where in one form derived from the other word.
Example:
· Am - was
· go - went
14. Coinage
A process of mentioning completely new word that made up from the name of companies, new products, or processes that just special purpose for one thing.
Examples:
· Facebook
· Vaseline
15. Borrowing
Words are created by borrowing from another language and incorporating into English.
Example:
· Morphology (morpho & logos )
· Mango mangga (melayu)
16. Initialism
The first letters of a group of words are combined into a single word which the letters are pronounced separately or can’t be pronounced as a word.
Example:
· OMG = Oh My God
· USA = United State of America
17. Scale Change
A process adding affixes to the base word to indicate the dimension.
Example:
· maximize
· Superman
18. Functional Shift
Shifting the part of speech to another one.
Example:
· Need
· Run
· Buy
· Laugh
19. Morpholgical Misanalysis
Example:
· Hamburger Steak - ham + burger steakburger
· alcoholic - alco + holic sugarholic
HOW TO SOLVE MORPHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Morphological problem is difficulties about words structure, because not all of words combained as the rule.
Suffix problems
-er attaches to verb to form a noun and means something like one who works.
-er attaches to adjectives to form a new adjective, with extra meaning ‘more’.
Prefix problems
Example:
Imbalance
Unlucky
Incomplete
Compare to other languages
1. English with Classical Greek
2. English with Tagalog
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LANGUAGE
Morphological structure is the structure which consists of the elements to form words.
We study morphological structure:
Ø To know the structure which consists of the elements to form words.
Ø To form a new meaning of the word is formed by several morphemes.
Types of Languages
Ø Analytical Language
Ø Synthetic Language
Analytical Language
Analytic or isolating languages are made up of sequences of free morpheme-each word consist of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning intact.
Synthetic Language
Synthetic language signify the meanings of sentences by combining free and bound morpheme to make up word.
The differences between analytical language and synthetic language
Analytical language
Analytical language do not use affixes (prefixes or suffixes).
Example:
[Wo mΛn tyεn tsin] ‘we (I-plural) are playing the piano’
[Wo mΛn tyεn tsin lΛ] ‘we played the piano
Synthetic language
Combining free and bound morpheme to make up word.
Example: Az ember lat a kutyat ‘the man sees the dog’
A kutya lat az embert ‘the dog sees the man’
Synthetic Language
Ø Agglutinating Languages
Ø Fusional Languages
Ø Polysynthetic Languages
Agglutinating Languages
Agglutinating languages are languages in which the affixes can be separated easily from the stem, and in which each affix generally conveys only one meaning.
Example: Ni-na-soma ‘I am reading’ ni-ta-soma ‘I will read’
U-na-soma ‘You are reading’ u-ta-soma
A-na-soma ‘he is reading’ a-ta-soma
Ni-li-soma ‘I was reading’
U-li-soma ‘You were reading’
A-li-soma ‘He was reading’
Fusional language
Fusional language are language in which the affixes and the base are fused together in pronounciation, and therefore not easily separated from one another.
Example:
Hablo ‘I am speaking’
Habla ‘He (she) is speaking’
Hablé ‘I spoke’
Hablamos ‘We are speaking’
Hablan ‘They are speaking’
Polysyntetic language
Polysyntetic language are languages in which several stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word.
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